AMONG 19th century philosophers， Arthur Schopenhauer was among the first to contend that at its core， the universe is not a rational place.
Schopenhauer developed an instinct-recognizing and ultimately ascetic outlook， emphasizing that in the face of a world Filled with endless strife， we ought to minimize our natural desires to achieve a more tranquil frame of mind and a disposition towards universal beneficence.
Since his death in 1860， his philosophy has had a special attraction for those who wonder about lifes meaning， along with those engaged in music，literature， and the visual arts.
THE WISDOM OF LIFE
PRELIMINARY
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
ON AUTHORSHIP AND STYLE
ON NOISE
ON READING AND BOOKS
THE EMPTINESS OF EXISTENCE
ON WOMEN
THINKING FOR ONESELF
SHORT DIALOGUE ON THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY
OF OUR TRUE BEING BY DEATH
RELIGION
PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
METAPHYSICS OF LOVE
PHYSIOGNOMY
ON SUICIDE
TRANSLATORS PREFACE
HUMAN NATURE
GOVERNMENT
FREE-WILL AND FATALISM
CHARACTER
MORAL INSTINCT
ETHICAL REFLECTIONS
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAURER（1788-1860） was a German philosopher known for his pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25， he published his doctoral dissertation， On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason， which examined the four separate manifestations of reason in the phenomenal world.
Schopenhauers metaphysical analysis of will， his views on human motivation and desire， and his aphoristic writing style influenced many well-known thinkers including Friedrich Nietzsche， Richard
Wagner， Ludwig Wittgenstein， Erwin Schrodinger， Albert Einstein， Sigmund Freud， Otto Rank， Carl Gustav Jung， Leo Tolstoy， and Jorge Luis Borges.
