太阳能应用技术

模块一概述 1单元一能源的定义与分类 1一、能源的定义 1二、能源的分类 1单元二开发应用太阳能的意义 2一、能源与需求 2二、生态环境危机 3三、发展低碳经济的需要 4四、电网覆盖面 4单元三太阳能的应用形式和特点 5一、太阳能的应用形式 5二、太阳能的特点 6单元四太阳能资源的分布 6测试题 8模块二太阳辐射 10单元一太阳概况 10单元二日地相对运动 12一、日地位置关系 12二、坐标系 13三、太阳角的计算 16单元三太阳辐射量 17一、大气层外的太阳辐射 17二、大气对太阳辐射的影响 19三、到达地面的太阳辐射能 20测试题 22模块三太阳能应用分类 24单元一太阳能光电应用 24一、晶体硅太阳能电池 24二、薄膜太阳能电池 25单元二太阳能光热应用 30一、太阳能集热器 30二、其他种类太阳能光热应用 34单元三太阳能光热发电 39一、太阳能光热发电的类型 39二、太阳能光热发电的发展趋势 40单元四太阳能制冷 40一、太阳能光电制冷 41二、太阳能光热制冷 42测试题 45模块四太阳能光伏发电应用技术 47单元一光伏发电原理 47一、半导体 47二、能带结构 48三、本征半导体和杂质半导体 50四、PN结 53五、光生伏特效应 54六、太阳能电池结构和基本工作原理 55单元二太阳能电池的电学特性 56一、太阳能电池的标准测试条件 56二、太阳能电池等效电路 57三、太阳能电池的主要技术参数 57四、温度对太阳能电池的影响 59五、太阳辐照度对电池性能的影响 60单元三晶硅光伏电池制备工艺介绍 60一、硅材料的制备和选取 61二、单晶硅的制备 63三、多晶硅的制备 66四、硅片的制备 68五、电池的制作 69六、晶硅电池组件封装 76测试题 79模块五光伏应用系统 81单元一光伏系统部件 81一、太阳能电池方阵 81二、二极管 82三、储能装置 83四、控制器 90五、逆变器 92单元二光伏系统应用 95一、离网非户用光伏系统 95二、离网户用光伏系统 96三、分布式并网光伏系统 96四、集中式并网光伏系统 97五、混合系统 97测试题 98模块六太阳能光热应用技术 100单元一太阳能光热应用原理 100一、太阳能光热转换原理 100二、太阳能光热热能储存 101单元二太阳能光热发电系统 104一、槽式太阳能光热发电 105二、塔式太阳能光热发电 108三、碟式斯特林太阳能光热发电 110四、菲涅尔式太阳能光热发电 111五、系统对比 112单元三太阳能光热应用前景 112一、太阳能光热应用现存问题 112二、太阳能光热应用前景 113测试题 114模块七光伏小组件生产实训 116实训一电池片的电性能测试和分选 116实训二激光划片 118实训三电池片的焊接 120实训四拼接与层叠 123实训五层压 126实训六装框和安装接线盒 127实训七组件测试 131附录一关键词汇中英文对照 133附录二部分术语及物理量解释 138参考文献 141ContentsModule Ⅰ Introduction 1Unit Ⅰ The Definition and Classification of Energy 1Ⅰ. The Definition of Energy 1Ⅱ. The Classification of Energy 1Unit Ⅱ The Significance of Exploiting Solar Energy 2Ⅰ. Energy and Its Demand 2Ⅱ. The Crisis of Ecological Environment 3Ⅲ. The Requirement of a Lowcarbon Economic Development 4Ⅳ. The Grid Coverage 4Unit Ⅲ Using Forms and Characteristics of Solar Energy 5Ⅰ. Using Forms of Solar Energy 5Ⅱ. Characteristics of Solar Energy 6Unit Ⅳ The Distribution of Solar Energy 6Test 8Module Ⅱ Solar Radiation 10Unit Ⅰ The General Situation of the Sun 10Unit Ⅱ The Relative Motion of SolarTerrestrial 12Ⅰ. Positional Relation of the Sun and the Earth 12Ⅱ. Coordinate System 13Ⅲ. Calculations of Solar Angle 16Unit Ⅲ Solar Insolation 17Ⅰ. Solar Radiation beyond the Atmosphere 17Ⅱ. Effects of Atmosphere on Solar Radiation 19Ⅲ. Solar Radiation to the Ground 20Test 22Module Ⅲ The Classification of Solar Energy Applications 24Unit Ⅰ Photovoltaic Applications 24Ⅰ. CrystallineSilicon Solar Cells 24Ⅱ. Thin Film Solar Cells 25Unit Ⅱ Applications of Solar Photothermal 30Ⅰ. Solar Collector 30Ⅱ. Other Types of Solar Photothermal Applications 34Unit Ⅲ Solar Photothermal Power Generation 39Ⅰ. Types of Solar Photothermal Power Generation 39Ⅱ. The Trend of Solar Photothermal Power Generation 40Unit Ⅳ Solar Refrigeration 40Ⅰ. Solar Photovoltaic Refrigeration 41Ⅱ. Solar Photothermal Refrigeration 42Test 45Module Ⅳ The Application Technology of Solar Photovoltaic 47Unit Ⅰ The Principle of Photovoltaic Power Generation 47Ⅰ. Semiconductor 47Ⅱ. Energy Band Structure 48Ⅲ. Intrinsic Semiconductors and Impurity Semiconductors 50Ⅳ. PN Junction 53Ⅴ. Photovoltaic Effect 54Ⅵ. The Structure and Basic Working Principles of Solar Cells 55Unit Ⅱ Electrical Characteristics of Solar Cells 56Ⅰ. Standard Test Conditions for Solar Cells 56Ⅱ. Equivalent Circuit of Solar Cells 57Ⅲ. Main Technical Parameters of Solar Cells 57Ⅳ. The Effect of Temperature on Solar Cells 59Ⅴ. The Effect of Solar Irradiance on Battery Performance 60Unit Ⅲ The Introduction of Preparation Technology of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 60Ⅰ. The Preparation and Selection of Silicon Materials 61Ⅱ. The Preparation of Monocrystalline Silicon 63Ⅲ. The Preparation of Polycrystalline Silicon 66Ⅳ. The Preparation of Silicon Wafer 68Ⅴ. The Fabrication of Batteries 69Ⅵ. Crystalline Silicon Components Encapsulation 76Test 79Module Ⅴ Photovoltaic Application System 81Unit Ⅰ Photovoltaic System Components 81Ⅰ. Solar Cell Array 81Ⅱ. Diode 82Ⅲ Energy Storage Equipment 83Ⅳ. Controller 90Ⅴ. Inverter 92Unit Ⅱ Applications of Photovoltaic System 95Ⅰ. Offgrid Nonhousehold Photovoltaic System 95Ⅱ. Offgrid Household Photovoltaic System 96Ⅲ. Distributed Gridconnected Photovoltaic System 96Ⅳ. Centralized Gridconnected Photovoltaic System 97Ⅴ. Hybrid System 97Test 98Module Ⅵ The Technology of Solar Photothermal Application 100Unit Ⅰ The Principle of Solar Photothermal Application 100Ⅰ. The Principle of Solar Photothermal Conversion 100Ⅱ. Solar Photothermal Energy Storage 101Unit Ⅱ The System of Solar Photothermal Power Generation 104Ⅰ. Parabolic Solar Photothermal Power Generation 105Ⅱ. Tower Solar Photothermal Power Generation 108Ⅲ. Dish Stirling Solar Photothermal Power Generation 110Ⅳ. Fresnel Solar Photothermal Power Generation 111Ⅴ. System Comparison 112Unit Ⅲ Prospects of Solar Photothermal Applications 112Ⅰ. Existing Problems of Solar Photothermal Applications 112Ⅱ. Prospects of Solar Photothermal Applications 113Test 114Module Ⅶ The Training of Photovoltaic Panel Part Production 116Project Ⅰ Electrical Performance Test and Sorting of Cells 116Project Ⅱ Laser Scribing 118Project Ⅲ Welding of Cells 120Project Ⅳ Splicing and Stacking 123Project Ⅴ Lamination 126Project Ⅵ Frame and Installation of Junction Boxes 127Project Ⅶ Module Testing 131AppendixⅠ The Key Words in both Chinese and English 133AppendixⅡ Interpretations of Partial Terminology and Physical Quantity 138References 141