本研究依托古代、现代汉语语料库，通过对不过与X看两个案的研究探讨了汉语语用标记的历史形成过程。不过与X看这两个结构最初只是作为非语用性质的动词词组，随着时间的推移，进而演变为具有篇章语用功能的语用标记。本书有两个主要目的：1）探讨不过与X看结构的篇章语用变化是如何发生的，以及为何会产生这种历史变化；2）证明语用标记的演变非语法化范畴。通过历时探究，本书认为语用标记以及其他相似语言成分的历史形成过程属于语用法化（pragmaticalization）范畴。语用法化与语法化是两种不同的语言演变过程。

Contents
丛书序i
前言iii
Chapter One Introduction1
1.1 Rationale for the Present Research5
1.2 State of the Art and Problems9
1.2.1 Previous Researches on Diachronic Evolution of BUGUO and XKAN9
1.2.2 Previous Researches on Synchronic Aspects of BUGUO and XKAN13
1.2.3 Why Diachronic?16
1.2.4 Interim Summary22
1.3 Diachronic Work Relevant to This Book24
1.3.1 Grammaticalization24
1.3.2 Pragmaticalization31
1.3.3 Models of Semantic Change36
1.4 Data and Methodology46
1.4.1 Values of Corpus-based Research46
1.4.2 The Data47
1.4.3 Methodology for the Analysis50
1.5 Objectives of the Present Study52
1.6 Outline of the Book55
Chapter Two Pragmatic Functions of BUGUO: A Synchronic Analysis57
2.1 Data and Methodology59
2.2 Use and Functional Distribution of BUGUO in the Corpus60
2.3 Pragmatic Functions of BUGUO63
2.3.1 Metalinguistic Functions63
2.3.2 Metacommunicative Functions72
2.4 The Relationship Between the Core Meaning of BUGUO and Its Pragmatic Functions82
Chapter Three Pragmaticalization of BUGUO: A Diachronic Analysis87
3.1 Data， Distribution of BUGUO and Methodology88
3.2 Main Meanings of GUO91
3.3 Historical development of BUGUO93
3.3.1 BUGUO in Old Chinese94
3.3.2 BUGUO in Middle Chinese107
3.3.3 BUGUO in Old Mandarin111
3.3.4 BUGUO in Middle Mandarin119
3.4 Pragmaticalization of BUGUO124
3.5 Motivations and Mechanisms Involved in the Pragmaticalization of BUGUO127
3.5.1 Motivations for the Pragmaticalization of BUGUO127
3.5.2 Mechanisms of the pragmaticalization of BUGUO135
3.6 Accompanying Changes of the Pragmaticalization of BUGUO148
3.6.1 Phonological Changes148
3.6.2 Semantic Changes149
3.6.3 Syntactic Changes152
Chapter Four Pragmatic Functions of XKAN: A Synchronic Analysis154
4.1 Data and Methodology155
4.2 XKAN: PM Use vs. Non-PM Use156
4.3 Use and Distribution of WOKAN and NIKAN in the Corpus160
4.4 Pragmatic Functions of WOKAN164
4.4.1 Self-quotation164
4.4.2 WOKAN as a Hesitation Marker170
4.5 Pragmatic Functions of NIKAN174
4.5.1 NIKAN as an Attention Getter176
4.5.2 NIKAN as a Coherence Builder178
4.5.3 NIKAN as a Politeness Marker182
4.5.4 NIKAN as a Turn Yielder184
4.6 XKAN as Markers of Interpersonal Involvement186
4.6.1 “Involvement” in the Present Study186
4.6.2 Discussion188
Chapter Five Pragmaticalization of XKAN: A Diachronic Analysis190
5.1 Distribution of WOKAN and NIKAN and Methodology191
5.2 Core Meanings of KAN192
5.3 Historical Development of XKAN194
5.3.1 Historical Development of WOKAN194
5.3.2 Historical Development of NIKAN206
5.4 Pragmaticalization of XKAN218
5.5 Motivations and Mechanisms Involved in the Pragmaticalization of XKAN221
5.5.1 Motivations for the Pragmaticalization of XKAN221
5.5.2 Mechanisms of the Pragmaticalization of XKAN226
5.6 Accompanying Changes of the Pragmaticalization of XKAN234
5.6.1 Phonological Changes234
5.6.2 Semantic Changes235
5.6.3 Syntactic Changes236
Chapter Six Historical Development of BUGUO and XKAN:Cases of Pragmaticalization238
6.1 Traditional Interpretation of the Rise of Pragmatic Markers239
6.2 Historical Evidence from the Evolution of BUGUO and XKAN as Pragmatic Markers244
6.2.1 Grammar vs. Pragmatics244
6.2.2 Discussion249
6.3 Pragmaticalization Reconsidered265
6.3.1 Relationship Between Pragmaticalization and Grammaticalization265
6.3.2 A Morpheme-based Approach to Pragmaticalization268
Chapter Seven Conclusion270
7.1 Review270
7.2 Directions for Future Study276
References279
Appendix: A Brief Chronology of Chinese History295
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Evolution line of BUGUO in Shen’s research10
Figure 1.2 Model of the IITSC40
Figure 2.1 Functional distribution of BUGUO82
Figure 3.

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